The embalmed heart of Richard the Lionheart (1199 A.D.): a biological and anthropological analysis
Identifieur interne : 000042 ( France/Analysis ); précédent : 000041; suivant : 000043The embalmed heart of Richard the Lionheart (1199 A.D.): a biological and anthropological analysis
Auteurs : Philippe Charlier [France] ; Joël Poupon [France] ; Gaël-François Jeannel [France] ; Dominique Favier [France] ; Speranta-Maria Popescu [France] ; Raphaël Weil [France] ; Christophe Moulherat [France] ; Isabelle Huynh-Charlier [France] ; Caroline Dorion-Peyronnet [France] ; Ana-Maria Lazar [France] ; Christian Hervé [France] ; Geoffroy Lorin De La Grandmaison [France]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
During the Middle Ages, the partition of the cadaver of the elite members was a current practice, with highly technical treatment given to symbolic organs such as the heart. Considered mostly from a theoretical point of view, this notion of dilaceratio corporis has never been biologically explored. To assess the exact kind of embalming reserved to the heart, we performed a full biomedical analysis of the mummified heart of the English King Richard I (1199 A.D.). Here we show among other aspects, that the organ has been embalmed using substances inspired by Biblical texts and practical necessities of desiccation. We found that the heart was deposed in linen, associated with myrtle, daisy, mint, frankincense, creosote, mercury and, possibly, lime. Furthermore, the goal of using such preservation materials was to allow long-term conservation of the tissues, and good-smelling similar to the one of the Christ (comparable to the odor of sanctity).
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep01296
PubMed: 23448897
PubMed Central: 3584573
Affiliations:
- France
- Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Haute-Normandie, Rhône-Alpes, Région Normandie, Île-de-France
- Garches, Neuilly-sur-Seine, Orsay, Paris, Rillieux la Pape, Rouen
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
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- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000115
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: 000C47
- to stream Ncbi, to step Curation: 000C47
- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: 000C47
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 000290
- to stream Main, to step Curation: 000289
- to stream Main, to step Exploration: 000289
- to stream France, to step Extraction: 000042
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3584573Le document en format XML
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Consulting</institution>, 385 route du Mas Rillier, 69140 Rillieux la Pape, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 385 route du Mas Rillier, 69140 Rillieux la Pape</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Rillieux la Pape</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weil, Raphael" sort="Weil, Raphael" uniqKey="Weil R" first="Raphaël" last="Weil">Raphaël Weil</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Laboratory of Solid-state Physics (CNRS, UMR 8502), Paris Sud University</institution>, Orsay, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, Orsay</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Orsay</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moulherat, Christophe" sort="Moulherat, Christophe" uniqKey="Moulherat C" first="Christophe" last="Moulherat">Christophe Moulherat</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Quai Branly Museum</institution>, 283 rue de l'université, 75007 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 283 rue de l'université, 75007 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huynh Charlier, Isabelle" sort="Huynh Charlier, Isabelle" uniqKey="Huynh Charlier I" first="Isabelle" last="Huynh-Charlier">Isabelle Huynh-Charlier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Department of Radiology, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP)</institution>, 75013 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dorion Peyronnet, Caroline" sort="Dorion Peyronnet, Caroline" uniqKey="Dorion Peyronnet C" first="Caroline" last="Dorion-Peyronnet">Caroline Dorion-Peyronnet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Departemental Museum of Antiquities, 198 rue Beauvoisine</institution>, 76000 Rouen, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 76000 Rouen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Haute-Normandie</region><settlement type="city">Rouen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lazar, Ana Maria" sort="Lazar, Ana Maria" uniqKey="Lazar A" first="Ana-Maria" last="Lazar">Ana-Maria Lazar</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>National French Library (BNF), Quai François Mauriac</institution>, 75013 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herve, Christian" sort="Herve, Christian" uniqKey="Herve C" first="Christian" last="Hervé">Christian Hervé</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine Paris 5</institution>, 75005 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 75005 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De La Grandmaison, Geoffroy Lorin" sort="De La Grandmaison, Geoffroy Lorin" uniqKey="De La Grandmaison G" first="Geoffroy Lorin" last="De La Grandmaison">Geoffroy Lorin De La Grandmaison</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, University Hospital R. Poincaré (AP-HP, UVSQ)</institution>, 92380 Garches, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 92380 Garches</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Garches</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>During the Middle Ages, the partition of the cadaver of the elite members was a current practice, with highly technical treatment given to symbolic organs such as the heart. Considered mostly from a theoretical point of view, this notion of dilaceratio corporis has never been biologically explored. To assess the exact kind of embalming reserved to the heart, we performed a full biomedical analysis of the mummified heart of the English King Richard I (1199 A.D.). Here we show among other aspects, that the organ has been embalmed using substances inspired by Biblical texts and practical necessities of desiccation. We found that the heart was deposed in linen, associated with myrtle, daisy, mint, frankincense, creosote, mercury and, possibly, lime. Furthermore, the goal of using such preservation materials was to allow long-term conservation of the tissues, and good-smelling similar to the one of the Christ (comparable to the odor of sanctity).</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arbellot, J" uniqKey="Arbellot J">J. Arbellot</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Charlier, P" uniqKey="Charlier P">P. 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Fornaciari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Clark, R E D" uniqKey="Clark R">R. E. D. Clark</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fornaciari, G" uniqKey="Fornaciari G">G. Fornaciari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marchesini, M" uniqKey="Marchesini M">M. Marchesini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marvelli, S" uniqKey="Marvelli S">S. Marvelli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fornaciari, G" uniqKey="Fornaciari G">G. Fornaciari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giuffra, V" uniqKey="Giuffra V">V. Giuffra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giusiani, S" uniqKey="Giusiani S">S. Giusiani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fornaciari, A" uniqKey="Fornaciari A">A. Fornaciari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marchesini, M" uniqKey="Marchesini M">M. 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Fulcheri</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Le Breton, D" uniqKey="Le Breton D">D. Le Breton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gannal, J N" uniqKey="Gannal J">J. N. Gannal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kantorowicz, E" uniqKey="Kantorowicz E">E. Kantorowicz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Giesey, R" uniqKey="Giesey R">R. Giesey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bellagamba, U" uniqKey="Bellagamba U">U. Bellagamba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Day, T" uniqKey="Day T">T. Day</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bloch, M" uniqKey="Bloch M">M. Bloch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gillingham, J" uniqKey="Gillingham J">J. Gillingham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gillingham, J" uniqKey="Gillingham J">J. Gillingham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>France</li></country><region><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Haute-Normandie</li><li>Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Région Normandie</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Garches</li><li>Neuilly-sur-Seine</li><li>Orsay</li><li>Paris</li><li>Rillieux la Pape</li><li>Rouen</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Charlier, Philippe" sort="Charlier, Philippe" uniqKey="Charlier P" first="Philippe" last="Charlier">Philippe Charlier</name></region><name sortKey="Charlier, Philippe" sort="Charlier, Philippe" uniqKey="Charlier P" first="Philippe" last="Charlier">Philippe Charlier</name><name sortKey="De La Grandmaison, Geoffroy Lorin" sort="De La Grandmaison, Geoffroy Lorin" uniqKey="De La Grandmaison G" first="Geoffroy Lorin" last="De La Grandmaison">Geoffroy Lorin De La Grandmaison</name><name sortKey="Dorion Peyronnet, Caroline" sort="Dorion Peyronnet, Caroline" uniqKey="Dorion Peyronnet C" first="Caroline" last="Dorion-Peyronnet">Caroline Dorion-Peyronnet</name><name sortKey="Favier, Dominique" sort="Favier, Dominique" uniqKey="Favier D" first="Dominique" last="Favier">Dominique Favier</name><name sortKey="Herve, Christian" sort="Herve, Christian" uniqKey="Herve C" first="Christian" last="Hervé">Christian Hervé</name><name sortKey="Huynh Charlier, Isabelle" sort="Huynh Charlier, Isabelle" uniqKey="Huynh Charlier I" first="Isabelle" last="Huynh-Charlier">Isabelle Huynh-Charlier</name><name sortKey="Jeannel, Gael Francois" sort="Jeannel, Gael Francois" uniqKey="Jeannel G" first="Gaël-François" last="Jeannel">Gaël-François Jeannel</name><name sortKey="Lazar, Ana Maria" sort="Lazar, Ana Maria" uniqKey="Lazar A" first="Ana-Maria" last="Lazar">Ana-Maria Lazar</name><name sortKey="Moulherat, Christophe" sort="Moulherat, Christophe" uniqKey="Moulherat C" first="Christophe" last="Moulherat">Christophe Moulherat</name><name sortKey="Popescu, Speranta Maria" sort="Popescu, Speranta Maria" uniqKey="Popescu S" first="Speranta-Maria" last="Popescu">Speranta-Maria Popescu</name><name sortKey="Poupon, Joel" sort="Poupon, Joel" uniqKey="Poupon J" first="Joël" last="Poupon">Joël Poupon</name><name sortKey="Weil, Raphael" sort="Weil, Raphael" uniqKey="Weil R" first="Raphaël" last="Weil">Raphaël Weil</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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